ABBREVIATIONS
| c. | = | cup |
| lb. | = | pound |
| oz. | = | ounce |
| pkg. | = | package |
| pt. | = | pint |
| qt. | = | quart |
| tbsp. | = | tablespooon |
| tsp. | = | teaspoon |
EQUIVALENCY CHART
| 3 tsp. | 1 tbsp. |
| 2 tbsp. | 1/8 c. |
| 4 tbsp. | ¼ c. |
| 8 tbsp. | ½ c. |
| 16 tbsp. | 1 c. |
| 5 tbsp. + 1 tsp. | 1/3 c. |
| 12 tbsp. | ¾ c. |
| 4 oz. | ½ c. |
| 8 oz. | 1 c. |
| 16 oz. | 1 lb. |
| 1 oz. | 2 tbsp. fat or liquid |
| 2 c. | 1 pt. |
| 8 to 10 egg whites | 1 c. |
| 12 to 14 egg yolks | 1 c. |
| 1 lemon | 3 tbsp. juice |
| 1 orange | 1/3 c. juice |
| 2 pt. | 1 qt. |
| 1 qt. | 4 c. |
| 4 qt. | 1 gallon |
| 2 c. fat | 1 lb. |
| 1 lb. butter | 2 c. or 4 sticks |
| 2 c. sugar | 1 lb. |
| 2-2/3 c. powdered sugar | 1 lb. |
| 2-2/3 c. brown sugar | 1 lb. |
| 4 c. sifted flower | 1 lb. |
| 4 oz. (1-1-1/4 c.) uncooked macaroni | 2-1/4 c. cooked |
| 2 oz. uncooked spaghetti | 4 c. cooked |
| 4 oz. (1-1/2-2 c.) uncooked noodles | 2 c. cooked |
| 28 saltine crackers | 1 c. crumbs |
| 4 slices bread | 1 c. crumbs |
SUBSTITUTIONS FOR MISSING INGREDIENTS
| 1 tbsp. cornstarch for thickening | 2 tbsp. flour |
| 1 tsp. baking powder | ¼ tsp. baking soda plus ½ tsp. cream of tartar |
| 1 c. sour milk | 1 cup sweet milk into which 1 tbsp. vinegar or lemon juice has been stirred; or 1 c. buttermilk (let stand 5 minutes) |
| 1 c. sweet milk | 1 c. sour milk or buttermilk plus ½ tsp. baking soda |
| ¾ c. cracker crumbs | 1 c. bread crumbs |
| 1 c. heavy sour cream | 1/3 c. butter and 2/3 c. milk in any sour milk recipe |
| 1 tsp. dried herbs | 1 tbsp. fresh herbs |
| ½ c. whole milk | ½ c. evaporated milk + ½ c. water or 1 c. reconstituted nonfat dry milk + 1 tbsp. butter |
| 1 pkg. active dry yeast | 1 cake compressed yeast |
| 1 tbsp. instant minced onion, dehydrated | 1 small fresh onion |
| 1 tbsp. prepared mustard | 1 tsp. dry mustard |
| 1/8 tsp. garlic powder | 1 small pressed clove of garlic |
| 3 c. dry cornflakes | 1 c. crushed cornflakes |